ВИСОКО НЕБО – НИСКЕ ТЕНЗИЈЕ: МОГУ ЛИ ИНДИЈА И КИНА ДА ПРОНАЂУ ЗАЈЕДНИЧКИ ИНТЕРЕС У СВЕМИРУ?

Сажетак

Супарништво из Хладног рата пренето је и у свемир када су Совјети лансирали Спутњик 1957. године, што је довело до тога да свемир буде препознат као четврто подручје ратовања. Како се монопол Сједињених Држава и бившег Совјетског Савеза губио, настајао је простор за нове актере који се појављују у Азији, где су Кина и Индија, због својих улагања у свемирску технологију још педесетих година 20. века, имале значајну предност. Овај рад прати развој свемирских програма ове две азијске земље и утврђује како су ти програми прилагођени да испуне њихове тежње да постану глобалне свемирске силе. У контексту компетитивне сарадње која карактерише њихове свеукупне билатералне односе, рад процењује тенденције њихових националних свемирских програма у циљу предвиђања да ли ће се кинеско – индијски односи кретати ка сукобу или сарадњи. С обзиром на сличне амбиције обе државе у свемиру, у раду се закључује да постоји простор за сарадњу, као и за конкуренцију, а којим путем ће ове земље кренути у великој мери зависи од њихових националних интереса и даљег развоја њихових будућих пројеката.

Референце

• Acuthan, J. P. 2006. “China’s Outer Space Program: Diplomacy of Competition or Co-operation?“ China Perspectives, (63), 34-44.
• Amos, J. 2014. “Why India’s Mars mission is so cheap- and thrilling”. BBC News [online] 24 September. Available at:
  https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29341850, [accessed: 19 April 2020]
• Avuthu, R.S.V. “India’s Space Diplomacy”, The Diplomat [online] 25 July. Available at:
  https://thediplomat.com/2014/07/indias-space-diplomacy/ [Accessed: 19 April 2020]
• BBC, 2021, “India-China dispute: The border row explained in 400 words”, BBC [online] January 25. Available at:
  https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53062484 [accessed 3 February 2021]
• Bhatia, A. 1985. “India’s Space Program: Cause for Concern?”, Asian Survey, (25), 1013-1030.
• Bhola, G. 2009. “India and China Space Programs: from Genesis of Space Technologies to Major Space Programs and what that means for the International Community”, Master Thesis, B.S. University of Central Florida.
• Bowe, A. 2019. “China’s Pursuit of Space Power Status and Implications for the United States”, U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission – Staff Research Report. 11 April.
• Campbell, C. 2019. “From Satellites to the Moon and Mars, China Is Quickly Becoming a Space Superpower”, Time, [online] 17 July. Available at:
  https://time.com/5623537/china-space/ [accessed 1 March 2020].
• Chellaney, B. 2014. “Why Tibet Remains The Core Issue In China-India Relations”, Forbes [online] 27 November. Available at:
  https://www.forbes.com/sites/brahmachellaney/2014/11/27/why-tibet-remains-the-core-issue-in-china-india-relations/?sh=3a523cb058a0 [accessed 3 February 2021].
• Christensen I.A., Hay J.W., Perua D.A. 2009. “National Development Through Space: India as a Model”. In: Olla, P. ed. Space Technologies for the Benefit of Human Society and Earth, Springer.
• David, L. 2017. “CNSA Boss Outlines China’s Space Exploration Agenda”, Space News, [online] 5 April. Available at:
  http://spacenews.com/cnsa-boss-outlines-chinas-space-exploration-agenda/ [accessed 5 March 2020].
• EASR, 2008. “China’s Space Development – A Tool for Enhancing National Strength and Prestige”, East Asian Strategic Review, pp. 19-35. Available at:
  http://www.nids.mod.go.jp/english/publication/east-asian/pdf/2008/east-asian_e2008_01.pdf [accessed 2 March 2020].
• ET Online. 2017. “India aces space diplomacy test with Modi’s Satellite gift to South Asia 14 things to know”. The Economic Times [online] 5 May. Available at:
  https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/india-aces-space-diplomacy-test-with-modis-satellite-gift-to-south-asia-14-things-to-know/articleshow/58534107.cms?from=mdr. [Accessed on: 20 April 2020]
• Foust, J. 2019. “Cruz Plans to Try Again with Commercial Space Legislation”, Space News, [online] 16 January. Available at:
  https://spacenews.com/cruz-plans-to-try-again-with-commercial-space-legislation/ [accessed 15 March 2020].
• Fresse J. 2018. “Asia’s Many Space Races”, The Diplomat, [online] 1 December. Available at:
  https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/asias-many-space-races/ [accessed 13 March 2020]
• Garver, J. W. 2002. “The security dilemma in Sino‐Indian relations”. India Review, 1(4), 1–38. doi:10.1080/14736480208404640
• Gibney, E. 2019. “China reveals scientific experiments for its space station”, Nature, [online] 17 June. Available at:
  https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01913-0 [accessed 3 March 2020].
• Goswami, N. 2018. “China in Space: Ambitions and Possible Conflict”, Strategic Studies Quarterly , Vol. 12, No. 1: 74-97. Spring: Air University Press.
• Goswami, N. 2019. “What China Wants in Outer Space, The Cairo Review of Global Affairs”, [online] 23 April. Available at:
  https://www.thecairoreview.com/global-forum/what-china-wants-in-outer-space/ [accessed 28 February 2020].
• Goswami, N. 2020. “China’s space dream on track, The Space Review”, [online] 13 February. Available at:
  https://www.thespacereview.com/article/3863/1 [accessed 1 March 2020].
• Harvey, B. 2003. “China’s Space Program: Emerging Competitor or Potential Partner”. In: Moltz J.C. ed. New Challenges in Missile Proliferation, Missile Defense and Space Security, CNS Occasional Paper No. 12: 47-53. Monterey: Center for Non-Proliferation Studies.
• Harvey, B. 2013. China in Space – The Great Leap Forward, Springer.
• Howell, E. 2020. “India faces big budget cut for new human spaceflight program”, Space.com [online] 10 March. Available at:
  https://www.space.com/india-human-spaceflight-program-budget.html [Accessed on: 20 April 2020]
• Janardhan, N. 2018. “Space Diplomacy in Asian Orbit”, EDA Insight – Research & Analysis, Emirate Diplomatic Academy.
• Konjikovac, M. 2012. ,,Mesto i uloga NR Kine u definisanju bezbednosti azijsko-pacifičkog regiona”, Vojno delo: 7-37.
• Kondapalli, S. 2019. “Modi and Xi talked much, but said nothing”, Deccan Herald, [online] 19 October. Available at:
  https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/modi-and-xi-talked-much-but-said-nothing-767999.html [accessed 16 March 2020]
• Koren, M. 2017. “China’s Growing Ambitions in Space”, The Atlantic, [online] 23 January. Available at:
  https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/01/china-space/497846/ [accessed 27 February 2020].
• Lele, A. 2013. Asian Space Race: Rhetoric or Reality?. Springer Books.
• Lele, A. 2019. “India-China space collaboration is worth a try”, Space News, [online] 6 August. Available at:
  https://spacenews.com/op-ed-india-china-space-collaboration-is-worth-a-try/ [accessed 3 March 2020].
• Lele, A. 2020. “Asia in space: a recent history, Changing How the World Thinks”, [online] 18 February. Available at:
  https://iai.tv/articles/asia-in-space-a-recent-history-auid-1337 [accessed 23 March 2020].
• Logan, J. 2007. “China’s Space Program: Options for U.S.-China Cooperation”, CRS Report to Congress, Washington.
• Lupton, D. 1988. On Space Warfare: A Space Power Doctrine. Air University Press.
• Mann, A. 2019. “ISRO: The Indian Space Research Organization”, Space.com [online] 10 March. Available at:
  https://www.space.com/indian-space-research-organization.html [Accessed on: 20 April 2020]
• McKie, R. 2020. “The moon, Mars and beyond… the space race in 2020”, The Guardian, [online] 5 January. Available at:
  https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/jan/05/space-race-moon-mars-asteroids-commercial-launches [accessed 15 March 2020]
• Mehta, N. 2014. “How ISRO got an indigenous cryogenic engine”, Livemint [online] 11 March. Available at:
  https://www.livemint.com/Specials/HgL2TtHJi3WbLO0IB7at2L/How-Isro-got-an-indigenous-cryogenic-engine.html, [accessed 18 April 2020]
• Mongia, R. 2013. “China’s Space Program And Strategy”, in: Singh J. ed. China’s India War, 1962: Looking Back to See the Future. 239-255. New Delhi: Centre for Air Power Studies.
• Myers, S. L., Mou, Z. 2019. “ ‘New Chapter’ in Space Exploration as China Reaches Far Side of the Moon.” The New York Times, [online] 2 January. Available at:
  https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/02/world/asia/china-change-4-moon.html [accessed 4 March 2020].
• Nair, V. 2014. An Investigation into Solar Based Space Power: A Case Study. Sheffield: The University of Sheffield.
• NASA. 2013. “Biographies of Aerospace Officials and Policymakers”. NASA.gov. [online] 6 February. Available at:
  http://history.nasa.gov/biost-z.html [accessed 3 March 2020].
• Patranobis, S. 2019. “India engaged with China for lunar mission, talks failed to take off”, Hindustan Times, [online] 11 May. Available at:
  https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-china-space-mission-fails-to-take-off/story-fJssc1E22JxJEUPVIJZ81O.html [accessed 16 March 2020].
• Peri, D., Haidar, S., Krishnan, A. 2020. “Indian Army says 20 soldiers killed in clash with Chinese troops in the Galwan area”, The Hindu [online] 17 June. Available at:
  https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-army-says-20-soldiers-killed-in-clash-with-chinese-troops-in-the-galwan-area/article31845662.ece [accessed 3 February 2021]
• PTI India. 2017. “India-China witnessed roller-coaster relationship in 2017”, Economic Times, [online] 2 December. Available at:
  https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-china-witnessed-roller-coaster-relationship-in-2017/articleshow/62314338.cms?from=mdr [accessed 16 March 2020]
• PTI Bejing. 2019. “China wants to work with India for outer space cooperation”, Business Line, [online] 23 July. Available at:
  https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/china-wants-to-work-with-india-for-outer-space-exploration/article28688885.ece# [accessed 13 March 2020].
• Quintana, E. 2017. The Asian space race, Observer Research Foundation, [online] 21 February. Available at:
  https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/the-asian-space-race/ [accessed 14 March 2020]
• Rajagopalan, R.P. 2016. The new space in Asia, Observer Research Foundation, [online] 18 July. Available at:
  https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-new-space-race-in-asia/ [accessed 14 March 2020]
• Rajagopalan, R.P., Prasad, N. 2017. Space India 2.0 Commerce, Policy, Security and Governance Perspective. Observer Research Foundation.
• Rajagopalan, R.P. 2019. “India’s strategy in space is changing. Here’s why”, World Economic Forum, [online] 14 August. Available at:
  https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/indias-strategy-in-space-is-changing-heres-why/ [accessed 23 March 2020].
• Ritter, P. 2008. “The New Space Race: China vs. US”, Time, [online] 13 February. Available at:
  http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1712812,00.html [accessed 15 March 2020]
• Sankar, U. 2007. The Economics of India’s Space Program: An Exploratory Analysis, Oxford University Press.
• Simhan, R.T.E. 2019. “ISRO workhorse PSLV set to make history with 50th launch on December 11”, Business Line [online] 4 December. Available at:
  https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/isro-workhorse-pslv-set-to-make-history-with-50th-launch-on-december-11/article30157568.ece [Accessed: 19 April 2020]
• Singh, M. 2008. “India Gains on China in Asia’s Space Race”, Time, [online] 21 October. Available at:
  http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1852608,00.html [accessed 15 March 2020]
• Stone, R. 2012. A New Dawn for China’s Space Scientists. Science, 29 June: 1630-637.
• Thompson D. J., Morris, W. R. 2001. “China in Space Civilian and Military Developments”, Maxwell Paper No. 24, Alabama: Air War College, Maxwell Air Force Base.
• Wall, M. 2019. “China Just Landed on the Moon’s Far Side — and Will Probably Send Astronauts on Lunar Trips”, Space, [online] 5 January. Available at:
  https://www.space.com/42914-china-far-side-moon-landing-crewed-lunar-plans.html [accessed 1 March 2020].
• Weija, H. 2019. “Space offers new scope for China-India cooperation”, Global Times, [online] 24 July. Available at:
  http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1159062.shtml [accessed 14 March 2020].
• Weinraub, B. 1975. “First Indian Satellite Is Orbited From Soviet on Russian Rocket”, New York Times [online] 20 April, available at:
  https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/20/archives/first-indian-satellite-is-orbited-from-soviet-on-russian-rocket.html,[accessed 20 April 2020]
• Williams, M. S. 2019. “All You Need to Know About The Chinese Space Program”, Interesting Engineering, [online] 16 March. Available at:
  https://interestingengineering.com/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-chinese-space-program [accessed 27 February 2020].
• Whitman-Cobb, W. 2019. “What will the success of China’s space program mean for NASA?”, Pacific Standard, [online] 4 January. Available at:
  https://psmag.com/news/is-china-spurring-a-new-space-race [accessed 27 February 2020].